Health Care and Biobanking
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Allele An allele is a viable DNA coding that occupies a given position, or locus, on a chromosome. Alleles contribute to an organism's outward appearance, its phenotype Alleles may be dominant or recessive. E.g. a single gene controls the color of flower petals in many plants, but there may be several different versions, or alleles, of the gene. One might result in red petals, while another in white, depending on which two alleles it possesses for the gene and how the two interact AMR. Ambulatory Medical Record Similar to an electronic medical record, EMR, but only apply to medical procedures and care that do not result in an overnight stay in a hospital, given in non-hospital settings such as clinics, physicians’ practices and at-home AMR. Antimicrobial Resistance The ability of a microorganism to stop an antimicrobial such as antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarials, from working against it. As a result, standard treatments become ineffective, infections persist and may spread to others. Who.int ART. Antiretroviral Therapy Treatment that suppresses or stops a retrovirus, so named because they carry their genetic information in the form of RNA rather than DNA so that the information must be transcribed in "reverse" direction -- from RNA into DNA AST, Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Carried out to determine which antibiotic will be most successful in treating a bacterial infection. BAL. Broncho-alveolar lavage A medical procedure in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the lungs and fluid is squirted into a small part of the lung and then collected for examination. It is typically performed to diagnose lung disease BIMS. Biobank Information Management System Biobank A biobank encompasses the entity that receives, stores, processes, and disseminates human biospecimen, their derivatives, and associated data. A BIMS manages these activities in a regulated context
Buccal swab Buccal means mouth or cheek, and buccal swabs or smears, is used to collect DNA from the cells on the inside of a person's cheek in a non invasive way CBC. Complete Blood Count A set values of the cellular elements of blood. Generally includes WBC and RBC, white leukocyte and red erythrocyte cell counts in cells per litre, and a breakdown of the different white cell types such as granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. Clinical Case In Bika Health LIS for health care labs, derived from Batches. Clinical Cases are medical disease episodes, and may include analyses of different samples, blood. sputum, food, water etc. over the the duration of the case, days, months or years CT in PCR A positive reaction in a real time PCR assay is detected by accumulation of a fluorescent signal. The Ct, cycle threshold, is defined as the number of cycles required for the fluorescent signal to cross the threshold, exceeding background level Ct level is inversely proportional to the amount of target Cts < 29 are strong positive reactions, indicative of abundant target nucleic acid in the sample Cts of 30-37 are positive reactions, indicative of moderate amounts of target nucleic acid Cts of 38-40 are weak reactions indicative of minimal amounts of target nucleic acid which could represent an infection state or environmental contamination. Wvdl.wisc.edu Cytology Biology and clinical disciplines focussing on plant and animal cell structure and functions DBS. Dried Blood Spot A Sample Type in health care labs DFA. Direct Fluorescent Antibody Direct immunofluorescence - directly tests the presence of an antigen with a tagged antibody. Unlike western blotting which uses an indirect method. Commercial DFA testing kits contain fluorescently labelled antibodies, designed to specifically target unique antigens present in the bacteria or virus, but not present in mammals quickly determine if a subject has a specific viral or bacterial infection DICOM. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine A standard for storing and transmitting medical images enabling the integration of devices such as scanners, servers, printers and picture archiving and communication systems, PACS. Wikipedia.org DRT. Drug Resistance Testing E.g. HIV or TB drug resistance. Testing to find out which drugs the bacteria are sensitive to, and in TB, whether the patient has drug resistant TB DST. Drug Susceptibility Testing Of HIV, TB, etc. Being susceptible to a drug is the opposite of being resistant to it. If the bacteria in the patient susceptible to a drug it means that the drug should work. Bacteria being sensitive to a drug is another way of saying that they are susceptible. The tests are the same, it is a matter of how they are referred to EID. Early Infant HIV Detection EHR / EMR. Electronic Health/Medical Record system Computer based patient record and/or electronic health record library |
False negative In the case of a clinical microbiology test, a negative test result for a person who is actually infected False positive In the case of a clinical microbiology test, a positive test result for a person who is actually not infected FHIR. Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources An HL7 standard describing data formats and elements and an application programming interface (API) for exchanging electronic health records. FHIR builds on previous HL7 formats but is easier to implement, via modern web-based API technology FHIR, unlike older document-centric approaches, directly exposes data elements. For LIS, Patients, their Samples and Analyses, can be retrieved and manipulated via their own URLs Molecular diagnostics Techniques to analyse biological markers in the genome and proteome, an individual's genetic code, by applying molecular biology to medical testing. To diagnose and monitor disease, detect risk, and decide which therapies will work best for individual patients. Wikipedia.org Haematology. the branch of medicine involving study and treatment of the blood HCT/P. Human cells, tissues and cellular and tissue-based products Hemostasis A process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel, the opposite of hemorrhage. It is the first stage of wound healing, involves coagulation - blood changing from a liquid to a gel. Not to be confused with homeostasis, the stable state of an organism and of its internal environment, the balance of bodily functions. HIT. Health Information Technology Information technology applied across the full spectrum of health care, supporting health information management and secure inter-operability across systems HL7. Health Level 7 A specification for a health data interchange standard designed to facilitate the transfer of health data resident on different and disparate computer systems in a health care setting HMIS. Hospital/Health Management Information System ICD. International Statistical Classification of Diseases A coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) Immunotherapy The prevention or treatment of disease with substances that stimulate patients' immune responses ISO 15189 Medical laboratories Requirements for quality and competence. An international standard that specifies the quality management system requirements particular to medical laboratories based on the ISO/IEC 17025, general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories Includes specifics on collecting patient samples, the interpretation of test results, acceptable turnaround times, how testing is to be provided in a medical emergency, and the lab's role in the education and training of health care staff. Wikipedia.org LIS. Laboratory Information System In some circles used to differentiate clinical patient-centric LIS from other sample-centric LIMS disciplines. Modern LIMS for health care offers both LOINC Logical Observation Identifiers, Names, and Codes. A database protocol aimed at standardizing laboratory and clinical codes for use in clinical care, outcomes management, and research. Payorid.com MTB/RIF. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis / Rifampicin A cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test, NAAT, that identifies TB DNA and resistance to RIF NAAT. Nucleic acid amplification test NIRS. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy A relatively inexpensive and robust spectroscopic method that uses the 780 to 2500 nm near-infrared electromagnetic spectrum,in medical and physiological diagnostics and research, e.g. blood sugar, functional neuroimaging, sports medicine and training, neonatal research, brain computer interfacing, urology and neurovascular coupling PACS. Picture Archiving and Communication Software Medical imaging technology used for storing, retrieving, presenting and sharing images produced by various medical hardware modalities, such as X-ray, CT scan, MRI and ultrasound machines. SearchHealthIT.Techtarget.com pHLIP. pH-Low Insertion Peptides Platform technology of pH-sensitive peptides that exploit pH differences between healthy and diseased cells as a biomarker for targeting and delivering therapeutic and imaging agents to cells in acidic diseased tissues. phlipinc.com
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PMTCT. Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Refers to interventions to prevent transmission of HIV from an HIV-positive mother to her infant during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or breastfeeding
Medical testing at the site of patient care, e.g. blood or rapid tests using kits, Bedside or doctor's rooms RFID. Radio-frequency identification RFID uses electromagnetic fields to identify and track tags attached to objects, mostly Samples in LIMS context. The tags contain electronically stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves, while Active tags have a local power source and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader. Wikipedia.org SNOMED CT. Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine A systematically organised computer processable collection of medical terminology covering most areas of clinical information such as diseases, findings, procedures, micro-organisms, substances, etc. It allows a consistent way to index, store, retrieve, and aggregate clinical data across specialities and sites of care SNP. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Snips are the most common type of genetic variation among specimen. Each SNP represents a difference in a single DNA building block, a nucleotide. E.g. a SNP may replace the nucleotide cytosine (C) with the nucleotide thymine (T) in a certain stretch of DNA SNPs occur normally throughout a person’s DNA. They occur once in every 300 nucleotides on average, which means there are roughly 10 million SNPs in the human genome. Most commonly, these variations are found in the DNA between genes. They can act as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease. When SNPs occur within a gene or in a regulatory region near a gene, they may play a more direct role in disease by affecting the gene’s function Most SNPs have no effect on health or development. Some of these genetic differences, have proven to be very important in the study of human health. Researchers have found SNPs that may help predict an individual’s response to certain drugs, susceptibility to environmental factors such as toxins, and risk of developing particular diseases SNPs can also be used to track the inheritance of disease genes within families. Future studies will work to identify SNPs associated with complex diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. GHR.nlm.nih.go Specimen The same as a Sample in LIMS context. Often used for micro-biology and in health care Vacutainer A blood collection tube is a sterile glass or plastic tube with a closure that is evacuated to create a vacuum inside the tube facilitating the draw of a predetermined volume of liquid. Most commonly used to draw a blood sample directly from the vein, these also are used to collect urine samples. Vacutainer tubes may contain additives designed to stabilize and preserve the specimen prior to analytical testing VL. HIV Viral Load Viral load tests measure the amount of HIV genetic material in a blood sample. The results of a viral load test are described as the number of copies of HIV RNA in a millilitre of blood. Regular VL measurement of individual HIV-positive people forms part of personal treatment plan Bika Glossaries
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Bika Biobank
